The desire by people in richer countries for a diverse range of out-of-season produce imported from overseas is driving up global greenhouse gas emissions, a new research has found. The study has been conducted by Arunima Malik and Mengyu Li of University of Sydney.
It reveals how transporting food across and between countries generates almost one-fifth of greenhouse gas emissions—and affluent countries make a disproportionately large contribution to this problem.
Although carbon emissions associated with food production are well documented, this is the most detailed study of its kind. The researchers have estimated the carbon footprint of the global trade of food, tracking a range of food commodities along millions of supply chains.
Since 1995, worldwide agricultural and food trade has more than doubled and internationally traded food provides 19 per cent of calories consumed globally. It’s never been clearer that eating local produce is a powerful way to take action on climate change.
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A web of food journeys
The concept of “food miles” is used to measure the distance a food item travels from where it’s produced to where it’s consumed. From that, we can assess the associated environmental impact or “carbon footprint”.
Globally, food is responsible for about 16 billion tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions each year—or about 30 per cent of total human-produced carbon emissions. The sources of food emissions include transport, land-use change (such as cutting down trees) and the production process.
The study used an accounting framework that Malik and Li devised on an innovative platform called the FoodLab. It involved an unprecedented level of detail, spanning 74 countries or regions, 37 economic sectors, four transport modes - water, rail, road and air and more than 30 million trade connections.
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The results
Researchers have found global food miles emissions to about 3 billion tonnes each year, or 19 per cent of total food emissions. This is up to 7.5 times higher than previous estimates.
Some 36 per cent of food transport emissions were caused by the global freight of fruit and vegetables, almost twice the emissions released during their production. Vegetables and fruit require temperature-controlled transport which pushes their food miles emissions higher.
Overall, high-income countries ar disproportionate contributors to food miles emissions. They constitute 12.5 per cent of the world’s population yet generate 46 per cent of international food miles emissions.
The largest net exporter of food miles was Brazil, followed by Australia, India and Argentina. Australia is a primary producer of a range of fruits and vegetables that are exported to the rest of the world.
In contrast, low-income countries with about half the global population cause only 20 per cent of food transport emissions.
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Where to now?
To date, sustainable food research has largely focused on the emissions associated with meat and other animal-derived foods as compared to plant-based foods. But the results of this research indicate that eating food grown and produced locally is also important for mitigating emissions associated with food transport.
Eating locally is generally taken to mean eating food grown within a 161 km-radius of one’s home.
The researchers acknowledge that some parts of the world cannot be self-sufficient in food supply. International trade can play an important role in providing access to nutritious food and mitigating food insecurity for vulnerable people in low-income countries.
And food miles should not be considered the only indicator of environmental impact. For example, an imported food produced sustainably may have a lower environmental impact than an emissions-intensive local food. But there is much scope to reduce food transport emissions, especially in richer countries. Some potential measures include: carbon pricing and import duties, investing in less-polluting vehicles, and encouraging businesses to cut emissions in their production and distribution chains.
Consumers also have the power to reduce food transport emissions by adopting a more sustainable diet. For instance, next time you go to buy fruit out of season—which may have been grown overseas or on the other side of the country—perhaps consider whether a local alternative might do.
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